Analysis Of The Book Ways Of Seeing By John Berger

Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: British Broadcasting, 1973. Print. The book, Ways of Seeing by John Berger is based on the concept that the way we see things. It explores our knowledge and past experiences. The reproduction and recreation of images and how that changes our own thoughts on an artwork. The book reveiws the history of nude women in art, and the negative impacts of advertising in the art world. The book is organized in a form of chapters, including pictorials. I chose to write my essay following a similar form. I follow the flow of the chapters, with a summary of each chapter, as well as a reflection. In the first pages of John Berger s, Ways Of Seeing, he explains what it means to See . He explains as children, we are first able to look, not speak, nor walk. This is an interesting way of approaching the act of seeing. To see is different from looking. To see is to understand whereas to look is to simply glance. For Berger, ‘An image is a sight which has been recreated or reproduced . . . which has been detached from the place and time in which it first made its appearance . . .’ (p. 9). I interpreted this as a way of saying, that the reproduction changes the entire context of the artwork. Berger goes on to point out the human fascination with relating to each other, and our yearning to understand history. Berger says that maybe paintings weren t made to be interpreted as legitimate history, but are made to represent something that is not there.Show MoreRelatedHow We See and Read Images1247 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertisements are meant to capture the audience attent ion. Art and beauty attract the attention of the mind through the eye. John Berger, an English art critic, novelist, painter, and poet tried to explain the way human beings view things and how this is affected by our knowledge, beliefs and what they assume to be right. He explains that what we see has been recreated or reproduced. Berger points out that the woman’s body portrayed by different people has changed over time, for instance, in early 1500-1900Read MoreJohn Berger Essay- Ways of Seeing1833 Words   |  8 Pagescomplexity of mummies. Throughout all these diverse cultures of art, I was questioning myself and started to wonder how I could understand art beyond others’ opinion about them. Moreover, I realized that it was a question John Berger, critic of art and author of the Ways of Seeing, raised in his essay, and it is a question that will always be raised while demanding how to understand a certain art. Walking through a room where various French artists had their paintings exposed, I fell in front of theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John Berger s Ways Of Seeing912 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay In John Berger’s essay â€Å"Ways of Seeing,† he shares his view on how he feels art is seen. Mr. Berger explores how the views of people are original and how art is seen very differently. By comparing certain photographs, he goes on to let his Audience, which is represented as the academic, witness for themselves how art may come across as something specific and it can mean something completely different depending on who is studying the art. The author goes into details ofRead MoreRoland Barthes developed a range of semiotic tools to analyse the cultural meanings1729 Words   |  7 Pagesand will also look at how Barthes uses these tools to analyse images and how they make us think. Roland Barthes was a French philosopher who wrote many books about the literary theory and semiotics. His writing has influenced and helped shape many postmodern theories. His most famous book â€Å"Death of the author† explains his theory on visual analysis. Barthes says that when we see an image, the author or creator of the image does not matter. Each individual person will find a meaning from that imageRead MoreCritical Media Analysis1146 Words   |  5 PagesMicaela Flanigan February 18, 2013 Critical Media Analysis The advertisement being analyzed is from Amitron and is selling a woman’s watch. The advertisement was found in Marie Claire magazine, which is a publication for women and pertains to topics such as fashion, style, beauty, women’s issues, and health issues. Marie Claire is ranked as number 87 in circulation and 988,418 magazines were circulated as of 2012. The estimated advertising rate for Marie Claire is $79,760. The primary targetRead MoreIdentifying Potential Genres of Viral Videos Essay2290 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"yes,† as demonstrated by the information architecture of online super-retailers like Amazon.com. Amazon subdivides its massive inventory first by medium, like â€Å"Books† or â€Å"Movies,† before incrementally working toward a finer degree of granularity. Taking books as our example medium, we can navigate by sub-genres to find a title in Books Science Fiction Fantasy Science Fiction Adventure. But this understanding of ge nre-as-synonym largely ignores the more formal identification process performedRead MoreThe Advancement Of Behaviorism : A Look At The Progression Of Behavioral Science Through Time Essay2345 Words   |  10 Pagesexplain human behavior, but he did set up a paradigm that inspired John B. Watson. Watson used Pavlov’s Stimulus—Response contingency to explore psychological facets of behavior, leading to methodological behaviorism. This form of behavioral science only analyzed behavior that could be seen by the naked eye and discounted mental events. In opposition to this, B.F. Skinner formed radical behaviorism, which did include the analysis of â€Å"private events,† which could include thoughts or even physicalRead MoreLanguage as a Social Construction of Reality.4593 Words   |  19 Pagescreate and shape the world through social interaction (Berger and Luckmann 1967). Newman (1995:48) describes it as A...a process by which human-created ideas become externall y given realities handed down from generation to generation.@ Berger and Luckmann claim that language is an essential part of our existence as human beings. The following passage demonstrates the importance they place on language in understanding our social world (Berger and Luckmann 1967:37): The common objectivations of everydayRead More The Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Essay5378 Words   |  22 Pagesknowledge and making history. Photographs are re-collections of the past. This essay is about photography, memory, and history and addresses the relationship between photographic images and the need to remember; it is based on the notion that seeing is a prelude to historical knowledge and that understanding the past relies on the ability to imagine. At the same time, the role of thought and imagination in the production of society--as reflected in the earlier work of Louis Althusser (1970),Read MoreEssay on ART 305 Syllabus 1 2559 Words   |  11 Pagespoints method. This means that I assign points to each assignment toward a total of possible points in the class. CLASS GRADING 13 quizzes 130 points (10 points each) FINAL quiz 50 points Discussion/Analysis Question 1 10 points Discussion/Analysis Question 2 10 points Discussion/Analysis Question 3 10 points Museum paper 40 points TOTAL 250 points Grading will be done on a plus (+) and minus (-) basis as follows: A 250-225 (90%) (or 250 x .90=225) A- 224-212.5 (85%) (or 250 x .85=212

Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay - 945 Words

Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Everyday people make decisions that affect their future lives. Do people make the right decisions? What makes a decision a right one? What may be right to some, may be wrong to others. There are no right or wrong decisions but those that people choose and believe to be right varying from each individual. In Hemingways realistic story, Hills Like White Elephants, Jig attempts to make a crucial change in her life by making the right decision, but is unable to because of her weak characteristic flaws. Jig is indecisive about her decision. Even though she realizes the possibilities, she has difficulties letting go of old habits, has a low self-esteem that leads to her being submissive,†¦show more content†¦Surely, she must know the possible damage she can cause the baby to have, but does it stop her from drinking? No, this only indicates that she is still not ready to change completely. Even though she wants to change, something, perhaps her old ways, is holding her back from doing so. Maybe this explains why she drinks during her pregnancy. Jig has many characteristics that define her as being a weak character. Due to her submissive quality, she gives in to her lover regardless her own feelings. One of the reasons why she feels the need to make him happy lies in her fear of losing him. And if I do it youll be happy and things will be like they were and youll love me? Apparently, Jig is willing to sacrifice her own will for his, if it means making him happy. She struggles on a decision between her mind and her heart. Her mind is telling her to keep the baby, but her heart is telling her the opposite-to go through the operation. It is a decision between her love for him and willingness to make him happy versus her self- interest to make the right decision. Obviously, it is her low self- esteem that gears her towards giving in to him. If I do it you wont ever worry...then Ill do it because I dont care about me. This quotes clearly shows how she is passive and submissive. Her weak flaw lies in the fact that she doesnt consider her feelingsShow MoreRelatedHemingway’s Hills Like White Elep hants Essay1908 Words   |  8 Pagesthe literary pieces he writes. Hemingway proves this by writing his short story, Hills Like White Elephants. Hemingway also quoted, â€Å"I never had to choose a subject - my subject rather chose me† (E. Hemingway, QuotesPedia). This also relates to Hemingway composing Hills Like White Elephants along with many of his other works. Hemingway refers to past events in his life in his writings. For example, in Hemingway’s novel, A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway is referring to his service in World War I,Read MoreEssay On Abortion In Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants900 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"If she chooses the barren solution, the girl knows that she will never again have a chance at choosing happiness† (Teaching the Culture of Life: Hills Like White Elephants). â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† goes in depth on a relationship where one partner wants an abortion and the other is questioning the abortion, the relationship, and their future together. Jig is confronted with a life altering decision. She can have the abortion and try to stay with her partner in a dry and barren relationshipRead MoreAbortion In Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants1237 Words   |  5 Pages The short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† by Ernest Hemingway, talk about a young couple and their relationship issue about abortion. Even though, the story happened in a short period of time, but it tells more than just a story. The woman named Jig, where the man only called as â€Å" a man† or â€Å" The American.† Although the relationship between them is complicated, but it is clearly that they are not married. However, they continued their relationship which came to result that Jig became pregnantRead MoreErnest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay743 Words   |  3 Pages WC: 754 Title: Sacred Moments Close interpretation of the story quot;Hills Like White Elephantsquot; by Ernest Hemingway leads the reader to an issue that has plagued society for decades. Understanding of the human condition is unveiled in the story line, the main setting, and through the character representation. The main characters in the story are an American man and a female named Jig. The conflict about abortions is an issue that still faces society today. Architectural and atmosphericRead MoreEssay on Hemingways Minimalism in Hills Like White Elephants1455 Words   |  6 PagesHemingway’s Minimalism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In this essay we will look at Earnest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† as an example of his use of the minimalist technique, what that technique is, and what its overall effect has on the reader. What is minimalism and how did Hemingway use this technique in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†? The primary effect of Minimalism in modern prose is to place the control of the work back onto the reader. That is to say, the reader is forcedRead MoreAbortion In Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants1664 Words   |  7 PagesOn its surface level, Ernest Hemingway’s short story, Hills Like White Elephants, appears to be a seemingly simple tale of an American man and a girl waiting at a train station in Spain while having a civil conversation about an unmentioned operation over a few drinks; however, after readers look past the nondescript writing style of Hemingway, it becomes evident that the conversation is actually revolving around a topic much more serious. The â€Å"simple† operation the man is trying to convince theRead More Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Ernest Hemingways short story Hills Like White Elephants relies on symbolism to carry the theme of either choosing to live selfishly and dealing with the results, or choosing a more difficult and selfless path and reveling in the rewards. The symbolic materials and the symbolic characters aid the readers understanding of the subtle theme of this story. The hills symbolize two different decisions that the pregnant girl in our story is facedRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants991 Words   |  4 Pagespeople outside of just the person that is making the decision, this causes a person to be weary of their choices. In Ernest Hemingway’s story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† he focuses the attention on how difficult it can be to make the right decision by expressing the elements through the setting, character, conflicts, symbols, and foreshadowing in the story. In Hemingway’s story, he creates the setting in which he writes, â€Å"It was very hot and the express from Barcelona, would arrive in forty minutesRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants711 Words   |  3 Pagesanother perspective that first impression often evolves, like looking through a lens. This phenomenon can be observed in literature. Ernest Hemingways â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† tells of a man and a woman waiting at a Spanish railway station. While having drinks, they discuss the option of her having an abortion. Brooks The Mother discusses the mental effects of abortion and how a woman may feel after having one. At first glance, Hemingway’s story simply shows that abortions can hurt and put strainRead MoreJohn Updikes AP and Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants1016 Words   |  4 Pagestakes both genders to create love, and those genders are often separated by inequality. Both these themes coincide well together; the clash of love and gender inequality is interestingly captivating. In John Updikes AP and Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants, both stories send a conclusive message to the reader that equality between both sexes in love and attraction is almost impossible; one gender will always be more powerful than the other. In AP by John Updike, the story portrays

Linking Global Trade and Human Rights - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Linking Global Trade and Human Rights. Answer: Introduction: The provincial and central government of China in recent years have created special zones that have offered several benefits to the countries who are doing business poor operating in China. Such areas include free trade zone, special economic zones and trade development zones. One of the factors that can be considered by Australian sector for doing business in China is the benefits offered by different economic zones and free trade zone. Australian business is required to check with their state trade office for seeing that it has any relationship with special trade zone for setting up operations in China. Free economic zone has been opened by the city of China. Free trade zone of China has created business opportunities for Australian business[1]. One of the most important international business hubs that is Shanghai is recent development. The Shanghai free trade zone was launched on 29th September 2013. Establishment of Chinas national exhibition and trading centre is one of the first initiative of special free trade zone of china. Opportunities will be created for Australian business due to economic reforms and significant opportunities created by national exhibition and trading centre. For the private foreign investments, six service sectors have been opened up under the free trade zone. These sectors involve shipping services, financial services, business services, cultural services, social services and professional services [2]. It is indicative of the fact that Chinese government has signalled unprecedented level of economic liberalization. An innovative approach for promoting the exports of Australian country to China is represented by Australian national exhibition and trading centre. The fast growing Chinese market can be accessed by Australian business without any complex procedures involved in registration o f company in China [3]. China Australia free trade agreement: China has ratified and initiated implementing free trade agreements with Australia in year 2015 as it is the largest trading partner. This free trade agreement will help in encouraging international investment and trade by relaxing regulator barriers on foreign investments, eliminating and reducing tariffs by lowering trade barriers. Australia will face increased export competition in domestic markets by allowing free flow of cheaper goods across trade barriers. Investment in Australia by private Chinese investors will be stimulated to $ 1094 million due to increase in threshold in non-sensitive sectors by foreign investment review board. Investment and trade will be boosted between China and Australia as per the agreement. As per the agreement, tariff is eliminated on the vast majority of goods between the trading partners. Authorities of China has remained cautious about Trans pacific partnership and there will not be immediate negative impact on trade and investment due to implementation of agreement. Second largest source of foreign investment for Australia in year 2014 is China with the total value of investment stock amounts to AUD 64.5 billion [4]. ChAFTA is expected to stimulate trade flows between China and Australia will witness increase investment by China. Chinese companies will further incentivise to make investment in China due to lower cost of exports brought by tariffs reduction. For securing the supply of high quality of products, Australia will have investments from china. This will assist Australian companies to tap into evolving trend of Chinese consumption. Prior to the agreement, Chinese market was accessed by Australian business for increasing the processing capacity and agricultural production. There has been increase in investment value that is an encouraging factor for Chinese companies. Real estate of Australia has been witnessing increasing investment from the Chinese companies in addition to consumer related sectors. Investment facilitation arrangement made under ChAFTA under which Chinese workers will be entering Australia in temporary basis for participating in infrastructure projects of Chinese companies. Furthermore, tariffs on all types of pharmaceutical products will be removed. Overseas investment has been stepp ed into by Chinese companies in healthcare sector of Australia. Australian market access by Chinese companies will help in accessing technology, high quality trends and expertise[5]. This would help in satisfying the growing demand of Chinese market. The investment targets by Chinese companies in Australia under the free trade agreement would be mainly in the sector of financial services, computer and electronics, food, agribusiness, textiles, healthcare and transportation. A range of commitment has been agreed by china under ChAFTA that would provide assistance to service providers in Australia for establishing their commercial presence in territories of China. Some of the sectors includes sector of shipping, health aged care, architecture, mining and legal services, urban planning, fund management sectors, insurance and banking [6]. A clause of most favoured nation is involved in agreement that will help in protecting the competitive position of Australia provided the condition that if beneficial treatment is extended by China to their trade partners. Under ChAFTA, investors in Australia are provided with the opportunities of establishing wholly foreign owned entities. 13th five year plan provides the Australian investors with further liberalization opportunities. Due to increase in import competition, the merger clearance rates in Australia is likely to have a favourable impact. Further growth in import competition in areas such as manufacturing, electronics and household products, is likely to be supported by elimination and reduction of tariffs under ChAFTA. Australian companies can source cheaper supply from China with this agreement. Import competition effectiveness can be softened by the applications of anti-dumping policies and using standards of Australia to impose additional trade barriers on importing of goods. Increasingly global nature of competition can provide with the remote side effect of ChAFTA as it seeks that Australian companies intend to merge for creating efficiencies and competing effectively with counter parts [7]. The international competitiveness can be related under the provisions of formal merger authorization. It will help Australia in becoming more exposed to export market and import competition and seeking and el iminating trade barriers. Five year plan of China: The economic development of China is achieved through a plan of five years in the most recent year from March 2016 to March 2021. Realising of national and economic development plan in form of the five year plan has outlined several targets and economic policies for driving development of industry inn China by year 2020. The main focus of plan is continued efforts in reforming measures and maintaining social stability and economic growth. Some of the key priorities that have been addressed in this particular five year plan involves investment promotion across sectors, nationwide industrial capacity resolving, supporting development of private sector, and strengthening protection of properties, innovation in technology, encouraging population of workforce and re balancing of rural area entrepreneurship. International business activity and international investments has been further opened in terms of Chinas free trade zone under 13th Five year plan. International presence of china is on path of increasing continuously that will help in further expanding of free trade zone for stimulating foreign investments in these zones. The increasing face value of business opportunities is attributed from increased access to Chinese markets coupled with western level of free trade. As per the plan, there will be provisions for substantial change in flow of capital out and into China[8]. This would facilitate navigation of foreign invested enterprise by accessing to market of China. Production will also be made attractive due to proposed incentives of tax under the five year plan. China has taken considerable step for gaining greater freedom in global market in terms of international financial liberalization. The plan made in 13th five year plan will be made forward due to likely expansion and creation of free trade zone and making provision of movement of capital flows. Gradual liberalization of foreign investment is indicated by five year plan of China. It involves the implementation of national treatments for foreign and domestic investors eventually and this is done pre establishment and managing foreign investments with negative list approaches [9]. There will be unified foreign and direct investment system. Formulation of basic laws have been highlighted in the plan by indicating the growing need to emphasize on finalization of legislation such as drafting the foreign investment laws. The policymakers of China has been consistently advocated to do away with the classification of foreign investments and governing of all the established companies in china under same regulations and laws. Under this plan, some areas that have been noted for making alterations relating investment includes reduce barriers to access market, expand openings, encouraging foreign capital and improving overall quality of foreign investments in China by adopting advanced technology. For achieving goals related to foreign investments, plan have some targeted goals that re required to achieved in order to enhance such investment opportunities. For liberalization, the targeted sectors include construction, education, accounting, designing and auditing [10]. Market access for foreign companies such as insurance, banking, securities and pensions are suggested for expansion under the plan. Plan would also encourage development of industries involved in high and new technologies, manufacturing and efficiency in energy sectors. It is envisaged in the plan to create strong system and enabling environment for supporting the variety of manufacturing planned activities. Establishment of export processing zone and special economic zones is one of the key interventions in the plan. Increasing investment is being witnessed in service and manufacturing sectors and over the last few years, there have been change in the patter of inflow and outflow of foreign direct investments. China is being viewed by international investor as end destination market due to growing investment in service sector of country [12]. Goods produced by manufacturing firms are designed in a specific way for meeting the needs of Chinese consumers and they are producing high quality goods. Over the past years, there have been rapid growth of foreign investors in high tech manufacturing industries. This would provide opportunities to manufacturing companies in Australia to make investment in China under the new plan. Nonetheless, China has been in the early stage of transition of service driven economy. It is perceived that foreign direct investment in china would be concentrated in East due to establishment of free trade zone in Fujian, Tianjin and Guangdong [13]. Such investments would be eventually moving to western area through Belt and road initiative of country. Manufacturing sub sectors target: One of the most important objective of the five year plan is to enhance the total factor productivity by shifting innovative led growth from capital accumulated led growth. Under the banner of supply side reform, innovation has increased in last two years. Opening up is another strategy of this particular plan that incorporates dual strategy formation for encouraging Chinese business to make investment in other countries such as Australia and compete at global level accompanied by attracting foreign investments into the country. An alternative concept of economic integration is promoted by China through building of multilateral development banks and Belt and Road initiative [15]. The guiding principle under this plan is one belt and one road. Distinguishing short term and long-term turmoil is important that is nurtured by exacerbated financial speculators and international investors collective pessimism. It is an initiative that is led by China is one of the critical area of global g rowth in foreseeable future. Provisions for encouraged economic growth is provided by 13th Five year plan mainly in Western areas of China. Industries from foreign countries are provided opportunities to make investment in such areas as they are underdeveloped. Such industries involve construction, retail sector and other retail services. New markets will be created that will provide opportunities for urban developments, financial services, transport, high tech manufacturing industries, infrastructure, finance and e commerce [16]. It is believed by Chinese government that the basis for financial globalization alternative model is the multi polar monetary system that would help in supporting multilateral infrastructure projects. Future transformation of IMS that is international monetary system into multilateral system is the grand design for achieving the above mentioned objective. The transformation structure would be based under the auspices reformed International monetary fund based on institutionalized monetary coordination. Global financial cycle counter cycle needs would be managed by issuing of special deposit rights and radical reformation of quota system. Chinese authorities have perceived that monetary basis of transformation of global finance is the international monetary system evolution. Over capacities in heavy industries of China would be reduced by making investment in infrastructure throughout Asia. Despite huge amounts of saving, world economy is suffering from colossal lack of infrastructure and slow growth[17]. Therefore, financial system of China should be overhauled and there should be massive increment in the capacity of public development banks for making investment in infrastructure. The funding of long maturity and large sized projects is done prominently by public development banks which will help in generating positive externalities. Such banks are mandatory to fianc and funds such large projects and capital of such projects is owned by national and international financially credible sovereign entities. Therefore, funds can be borrowed at lower cost from international bond markets. The governance of investment projects from countries such as Australia is assisted by development banks as they have expertise in selecting. For the choice of techniques and localization of investments made in infrastructure are done by such banks in partner with the investment projects. One of the preferred tool for sustainable development in emerging economies such as China is linking of central banks with development banks. Development banks helps in financing the cost of infrastructure projects in coordination with managing risks at different levels[18]. Asian international infr astructure bank is one such bank that has been created under leadership of China with public shareholders. Financing of new economic routes from Europe to China are Silk Road banks. The new strategy of opening up of investment is leading to outflow of capital in the form of foreign direct investments. Meanwhile, trade surplus has been reduced due to related increase in cost of labour and redeployment of domestic production to domestic demand. The growing internationalization Chinese firms and financing of infrastructures in Asia due to structural demand has the likelihood of creating investment opportunities for Australia. Private domestic agents would add foreign currency holding and foreign debt repayment along with speculative moves generated by valuation effect [19]. There has been dramatic change in the structure of balance of payments and there is requirement of steady capital inflows by China in the absence of large surplus of current account to offset the outflow of money. In this regard, it is considered crucial to efficient regulation and development of capital markets in China. Internationalization of Chinese currency is one of the ambitious step for restructuring of the financial sector. For the purpose of accommodating the challenge of transition and achieving long-term objectives of this pattern of globalization, it is essential for Chinese government to decide on the way it should proceeds. The long run ambition of China requires an independent monetary policy and free flow of capital and one of the logical consequence is flexible exchange rate regimes. At the same time, Chinese government is required to retain a mix of capital controls and preserving monetary policy autonomy by managing exchange rate regime against currency basket. Observers and market participants are required to understand the position of monetary policy. China has requirement of Western markets in the same way as such nations requires huge consumer market of China[20]. The construction trade facilitation and free trade zone has made a breakthrough. The ministry of Commerce has furth er deepened trade and economic cooperation with foreign countries that would actively propel joint building of silk belt. Laws applicable to Australian business operating in China. Various laws are applicable for the foreign investors seeking to make investment and doing business Australia. Modern system of property rights will be improved under this plan for ensuring well defined ownership, rights and interest protection under all forms of entities. There is improvement in market regulatory and anti-monopoly laws for ensuring standardization and unification [21]. Sound codes of regulatory and conducts methods are established and compulsory standards are established for workplace, quality of products, environmental impacts, consumption and energy. The principle of law based taxation will be fully implemented and system of taxation will be optimized [22]. This plan helps in understanding the economic future of country from both internal and external view point. Public private partnership- China has experimented with public private partnership for quite ling time. However, many foreign investors have been deterred from investing or conducting business on partnership basis. The reasons are attributable to the fact of perceived risk and due to long contract length. Management measures on franchised operations on public utilities and infrastructure is implemented by NDRC for protecting the investment of private and foreign companies. As per the 13th Five year plan, private capital is sought for public infrastructure and is aimed at reducing restrictions for market access for private investment in public operations and infrastructure [23]. Loan contracts- Under the 13th five year plan, loans and technical assistance have been approved by Asian development bank to increase the distribution and energy generation. Investors can enter into loan contracts under article 196 -211. Under article 202, lender must provide accounting reports. Under article 204, People bank of China is liable for stipulating the interest applicable to all loans that are provided by financial institutions[24]. Donation contracts- The budget and planning process of large number of projects by increasing number of operating agencies in association with donors. Development is supported by mobilizing extra budgetary funds from donor community operating internationally. Under article 191, a donor community is not liable for any defects in gifts. Under the current plan, state government of China is cooperating with INGO and NGO for funding small loans to agricultural producers [25]. When Australian business are provided with the opportunities of doing business in China by opening up the potential. Firms and sectors to establish their business in China are exposed to competition laws of both trading countries. In some case, it is certainly possible that business might not be acquainted and familiar with the knowledge of laws operating in each country. This raises the possibility of getting exposed to risk of non-compliances. The ministry of commerce must be notified about specified notification threshold under China Anti-monopoly law merger and acquisition. Transactions pertaining to such merger and acquisitions cannot be completed or closed without the clearance obtained from Ministry of commerce. In event of companies failing to notify any transactions can impose a penalty of half a million RMB. There are few merger filings from Australian companies resulting from small amount of revenues generated from such companies operating in China. Implementation of ChAFTA would help in increasing business activities of Australian companies[26]. ChAFTA has the possibility of merging of Chinse companies with their Australian counterparts by entering into joint ventures. Joint ventures are direct provisions of civil law that are divided into three categories. There are several types of joint ventures in which Australian companies can enter into partner with China such as corporate, contractual, partnership and partnership enterprise laws that are regulated under laws of Chinese government. Chinese merger filing threshold will be reached by more Australian companies due to increased exports to China from Australia. For the first time, China opened its market for overseas private fund managers in year 2016 by joint ventures and allowing wholly foreign owned investors [28]. This would help in raising capital in stock market and private companies. 13 five year plan has the target set for year 2020 that would enhance measures for enabling and promoting business environment that would reduce the cost of doing business in terms of easing registration, regulatory reform and requirement of licence for promoting the foreign as well as domestic investors. This would help in improving the working of land registries and courts, simplifying regulations and amending laws[29]. There would be enforcement of legal instruments and property rights. The effective implementation of development plan is aimed at eliminating conflicting regulations and laws. For supporting socio economic transformation and envisaged industrialization needs to review Village land act for elimination conflicts with other laws[30]. Conclusion: The pattern of globalization is likely to be changed by transformation of economy of China over the next twenty years. Globalization is entering new stage driven by the redeployment of growth into domestic and international markets. Supporting infrastructure investment massively will help in proving momentum of deeper integration. Huge change in incipient regime leads to assertiveness of China in politics and world markets. China has the objective of developing political, economic, technological, cultural and financial relationship for securing global public goods to cooperate politically. The progress of reforms of economic liberalization has been sceptic due to general global economic uncertainty, stock market volatility and Renminbi depreciation during third and second quarter of year 2015. However, in spite of this uncertainty, it is strongly believed that there is high chance of occurrence of liberalization due to significant market potential of China. On the global front, Chine se government has remained active in securing trade deals in support for the establishment of Asian infrastructure investment bank and one belt one road project. Free trade zone is the platform for liberalizing the markets for foreign investors interests and a very small proportion of capital markets is represented in such zone. Concerns of foreign interests would be eased by more consistent free market. Some of the areas that could be explored for opening up the opportunities for foreign business activities and financial trading include information, trade, professional services and logistics. New foreign investors intending to do business in China would face several challenge in terms of project financing. Challenge would be faced in terms of infrastructure investment opportunities. References and Bibliography: A One-Speed World: 2017 Value Creators Report(2017)https://www.bcg.comhttps://www.bcg.com/en-in/publications/2017/engineering-construction-infrastructure-value-creators-report-one-speed-world.aspx Aggarwal and Urata,Bilateral trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific: Origins, evolution, and implications(Routledge, 2012) Agrifutures.Com.Au(2017)Agrifutures.com.auhttps://www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/rirdc_ar1516_final-8.pdf Assets.Kpmg.Com(2017)Assets.kpmg.comhttps://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2016/06/china-outlook-2016-v1.pdf Ayodele and Sotola, China in Africa: An evaluation of Chinese investment.(Initiative for Public Policy Analysis, pp.1-20. 2014) Berger, Busse, Nunnenkamp, and Roy, Do trade and investment agreements lead to more FDI? Accounting for key provisions inside the black box.(International Economics and Economic Policy,10(2), pp.247-275. 2013) Bin, China-Russia relations: into the Syrian storm: between alliance and alignment.(Comparative Connections,17(3), p.137. 2016) Bloom, Draca and Van Reenen, Trade induced technical change? The impact of Chinese imports on innovation, IT and productivity.(The Review of Economic Studies,83(1), pp.87-117. 2016) Burgoon and Raess, Chinese investment and European labor: should and do workers fear Chinese FDI?.(Asia Europe Journal,12(1-2), pp.179-197. 2014) Business.Hsbc.Com.Cn(2017)Business.hsbc.com.cnhttps://www.business.hsbc.com.cn/-/media/library/markets-selective/china/pdfs/trade-report-eng.pdf Bthe and Milner, Foreign direct investment and institutional diversity in trade agreements: Credibility, commitment, and economic flows in the developing world, 19712007.(World Politics,66(1), pp.88-122. 2014) Cepii.Fr(2017) Cepii.fr https://www.cepii.fr/PDF_PUB/pb/2016/pb2016-12.pdf Chow and Schoenbaum, InternationalTrade Law: Problems, Cases, and Materials. (Wolters Kluwer Law Business 2017) Clegg and Voss, The new two-way street of Chinese direct investment in the European Union.(China-EU Law Journal,5(1-2), pp.79-100. 2016) Czinkota and Skuba, Contextual analysis of legal systems and their impact on trade and foreign direct investment.(Journal of Business Research,67(10), pp.2207-2211, 2014) Davies, Tony and Ian Peter Crawford,Financial Accounting(Pearson, 2012) De Ville and Siles-Brgge,TTIP: The truth about the transatlantic trade and investment partnership. (John Wiley Sons. 2015) Drache and Jacobs,Linking Global Trade and Human Rights. (Cambridge University Press. 2014) Interpretation For The China-Australia Free Trade Agreement -(2017)English.mofcom.gov.cnhttps://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Cocoon/201510/20151001144954.shtml Meunier, Divide and conquer? China and the cacophony of foreign investment rules in the EU.(Journal of European Public Policy,21(7), pp.996-1016. 2014) Nicolas, Chinas direct investment in the European Union: challenges and policy responses.(China Economic Journal,7(1), pp.103-125. 2014) Sauvant and Chen, Chinas regulatory framework for outward foreign direct investment.(China Economic Journal,7(1), pp.141-163. 2014) Sauvant and Nolan, 10 Reactions to Chinas Cross-border Investment and International Investment Law.(Managing Culture and Interspace in Cross-border Investments: Building a Global Company,66, p.98. 2017) Sauvant and Nolan, Chinas outward foreign direct investment and international investment law.(Journal of International Economic Law,18(4), pp.893-934. 2015) Schott, Jung and Cimino-Isaacs, An assessment of the Korea-China free trade agreement.(Peterson Institute for International Economics. Policy Brief, No. PB, pp.15-24. 2015) Shen, Private Chinese investment in Africa: Myths and realities.(Development Policy Review,33(1), pp.83-106. 2015) Sornarajah,The international law on foreign investment. (Cambridge university press. 2017) Subedi,International investment law: reconciling policy and principle. (Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016) Westlaw China(2017) Westlawchina.com https://www.westlawchina.com/index_en.html Wong,Zhu Rongji and China's Economic Take-Off. (World Scientific. 2016) Yao and Whalley, The China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone: Background, Developments and Preliminary Assessment of Initial Impacts.(The World Economy,39(1), pp.2-15. 2016)

The poem Gujarati Essay Example For Students

The poem Gujarati Essay The speaker in Search for My Tongue by Sujata Bhatt describes to us what it feels like to speak and think in two languages. She wonders whether she might lose her mother tongue (her original language) as she lives in a foreign country, where it is not main language. However as she sleeps, she dreams that the mother tongue remains a part of her identity. By the end, she has resolve that it will always be a part of who she really is. The poem begins with a conversational tone, which is appropriate as it is about language and communication. The first-person speaker addresses the reader, you, who has the question that prompts the rest of the poem. The speaker asks the reader to imagine having two tongues in your mouth; this is how Bhatt perceives the problem. The unconscious relation of language to the tongue is common, as it is one of the crucial organs we use when speaking. We will write a custom essay on The poem Gujarati specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The speaker tells us that her tongue has been lost, but what she means is her original language has been lost. Used colloquially lost my tongue,(2) means that someone does not know what to say or is tongue-tied (an image that will manifest itself graphically later in the poem). The notion of having two actual tongues in your mouth provides a sensation of equivalent strong discomfort felt by someone living in a foreign language environment. The nature of this discomfort is displayed in line 5-6. Her original language long atrophied from disuse, is what she feels comfortable with. The foreign tongue (7) that becomes her adopted voice is one that she has little command over. The imagery in lines 10-14 is quite shocking and grotesque. The mother tongue decaying, she imagines it might rot and die in her mouth(13), as the foreign language begins to consume her. The middle section of the poem is written in Gujarati. This whole section occurs while she is dreaming. For most people reading this poem, Gujarati will be a dream-like language. It has exoticness and striking visual presence in comparison to the English alphabet that is the norm. The letters may look alien and foreign looking, but a clever use of irony is being employed here. This is her language. What it looks like to the English-only speaker is what English must have looked like to her. Another reason for the inclusion of the Gujarati section is that it gives a first hand representation of the two languages in her life. Looking at the curvaceous shape of the Gujarati letters, (although no credit to Bhatt) and comparing them to the angular nature of the English letters, one can visualise how her mother tongue can tie, the other tongue in knots (34). At her lowest when she feels that she is losing her identity, her language triumphantly asserts itself. That which is lost is found. The poet develops her idea by using an extended metaphor; she compares her tongue to a plant. The plant is a metaphor for the tongue, which itself has earlier been used as a (conventional) metaphor, for speech. Like a plant it, its rots and dies because it is in the wrong environment. But in her dreams it grows(31), it has the ability nurture itself and become longer(32) which could be an indication of her vocabulary expanding. The strong veins(32-33) show that her tongue is becoming vitalised and tougher. The extended metaphor helps the reader to appreciate the poets feelings of her original language. It shows that she prefers her own language, the beauty and spectacular nature of the flower blossoming compliments the beauty of her language. .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 , .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .postImageUrl , .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 , .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1:hover , .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1:visited , .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1:active { border:0!important; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1:active , .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1 .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf1cd89afc5a5028e24350d9bf8111e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparison Essay - The Pieces of Silver The Red BallThe structure of the poem is very interesting. Bhatt represents her shared culture and language by the way the poem is presented on the page. The middle section of the poem is written in Gujarati. This is framed on either side by her English language. Therefore, the Gujarati voice is presented as a shared part of her English voice (and all of this is how the poem works as a poem, the medium. In this case the medium mirrors the message: the poems presentation on the page, one voice within another, mirrors the significance of the poem). This poem concerns itself with the predicament that Asians raised in the West find themselves with. Being part of both cultures and moving between two languages can sometimes mean that one genuinely feels part of neither. There is conflict between the original language and the language she has adopted in the foreign country and this represents the conflict between cultural identities. The search for the tongue that has been lost through neglect is therefore mirrored by the search for cultural identity. In Nothings Changed, by Tatamkhulu Afrika, the speaker has returned to a deserted and desolate District Six, finding only the odd building indicating that white people now inhabit the area. District Six is (was) a famous residential district, situated at the foot of Table Mountain in Cape Town, South Africa. It was a lively working-class neighbourhood, home to a large multi-cultural population. Many artists, musicians and other creative people lived there also. In 1966 the South African government declared District Six as a whites only area, and began to evacuate the population. Over the years the complete area has been destroyed and physically deteriorated. It has never been redeveloped despites its prime location and is a key reminder of the apartheid years. (District Six Museum) The poem depicts a society where the rich and the poor are divided. This division is parallel to the division between the whites and blacks. The vehicle that Afrika uses to illustrate this division is the place of eating. The up-market(22) inn that is new(22) is somewhere where the white people come to eat. It is described to be brash with glass(17). The use of brash signifies the mood of the speaker: anger. There is more pain and the feeling of exclusivity is magnified if he can see what is happening inside, the higher, richer standard of living that the white people enjoy and what he is being excluded from. He feels offended that proprietors of the restaurant want to maintain the racial divide. The sign flaring like a flag(18) reinforces the speakers rage. The crudeness is emphasised and it seems out of place. The harsh consonantal sounds of flaring and flag show also how the speaker feels. The building squats(19) is quite a comical image, but there is also the element of underlying rage ever present. Again the feeling that the inn does not really belong there is felt and the blunt consonants echo the poets anger. The elegance of the linen tablecloths and the tables each with a single rose(32) is contrasted with the common and grungy, working mans cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(34). It is not haute cuisine(23) that they serve but bunny chow(35) a cheap and filling take-away food eaten mainly by the poor. There is no formality or a worry about etiquette, no linen(31), but the food is eaten straight from a plastic top, and there is nowhere to wash ones hands after eating: wipe your fingers on your jeans(48).

Fat Pig a Play by Neil LaBute

Fat Pig a Play by Neil LaBute Neil LaBute titled the play Fat Pig (which first premiered off-Broadway in 2004) to get our attention. However, if he wanted to be blunt, he could have named the play Cowardice, because that is what this comedy-tinged drama is really about. The Plot Tom is a young urban professional who has a bad track record of quickly losing interest in the attractive women he dates. Although in comparison to his crude friend Carter, Tom seems more sensitive than your typical cad. In fact, in the first scene of the play, Tom encounters a smart, flirtatious woman who is described as very plus-sized. When the two connect and she gives him her phone number, Tom is genuinely interested, and the two start dating. However, deep down Tom is shallow. (I know that seems like a paradox, but thats how he is.) He is too self-conscious about what his so-called work friends think about his relationship with Helen. It doesnt help that he dumped a vindictive co-worker named Jeannie who interprets his overweight girlfriend as a personal attack: JEANNIE: Im sure you thought this would hurt me, right? It also doesnt help when his sleazy friend Carter steals a photo of Helen and emails a copy to everyone at the office. But ultimately, this is a play about a young man who comes to terms with who he is: TOM: Im a weak and fearful person, Helen, and Im not gonna get any better. (Spoiler Alert) Male Characters in Fat Pig LaBute has a definite knack for obnoxious, callous male characters. The two guys in Fat Pig follow in this tradition, yet they arent nearly as loathsome than the jerks in LaButes film In the Company of Men. Carter might be a slimeball, but he is not too vicious. At first, he is flabbergasted by the fact that Tom is dating an overweight woman. Also, he firmly believes that Tom and other attractive people should run with [their] own kind. Basically, Carter thinks that Tom is wasting his youth by dating someone of Helens size. However, if one reads the synopsis of the play, it asks: How many insults can you hear before you have to stand up and defend the woman you love? Based upon that blurb, audiences might assume that Tom is pushed to the breaking point by a barrage of awful insults at his girlfriends expense. Yet, Carter is not completely insensitive. In one of the best monologues of the play, Carter tells the story of how he was often embarrassed by his obese mother when in public. He also supplies the wisest piece of advice in the play: CARTER: Do what you want. If you like this girl, then dont listen to a goddamn word anybody says. So, if Carter lays off on the insults and peer pressure, and the vengeful Jeannie calms down and moves on with her life, why does Tom break up with Helen? He cares too much about what others think. His self-consciousness prevents him from pursuing what could be an emotionally fulfilling relationship. Female Characters in Fat Pig LaBute offers one well-developed female character (Helen) and a secondary female character who seems like an artistic misfire. Jeannie doesnt get much stage time, but whenever present she seems like a typical jilted co-worker seen in countless sitcoms and movies. WireImage / Getty Images But her stereotypical shallowness provides a nice foil for Helen, a woman who is bright, self-aware, and honest. She encourages Tom to be honest as well, often sensing his awkwardness when they are out in public. She falls hard and quick for Tom. At the end of the play, she confesses: HELEN: I love you so much, I really do, Tom. Feel a connection with you that I havent allowed myself to dream of, let alone be a part of, in so long. Ultimately, Tom cannot love her, because he is too paranoid about what others think. Therefore, as sad as the ending of the play might seem, its good that Helen and Tom face the truth of their faltering relationship early on. (Real life dysfunctional couples could learn a valuable lesson from this play.) Comparing Helen to someone like Nora from A Dolls House reveals how empowered and assertive women have become in the last few centuries. Nora builds an entire marriage based upon facades. Helen insists upon facing the truth before allowing a serious relationship to continue. Theres a quirk about her personality. She loves old war movies, mostly obscure World War II flicks. This little detail might just be something that LaBute invented to make her unique from other women (thereby helping to explain Toms attraction for her). In addition, it may also reveal the type of man she needs to find. The American soldiers of World War II, by and large, were courageous and willing to fight for what they believed in, even at the cost of their lives. These men are part of what journalist ​Tom Brokaw described as The Greatest Generation. Men like Carter and Tom pale in comparison. Perhaps Helen is obsessed with the films, not because of the pretty explosions but because they remind her of the male figures in her family, and provide a model for potential mates, reliable, stalwart men who arent afraid to take a risk. WireImage / Getty Images The Importance of Fat Pig At times LaButes dialogue seems like it is trying too hard to emulate David Mamet. And the short nature of the play (one of those no bak 90-minute ventures like Shanleys Doubt) makes it reminiscent of those ABC After School Specials from my childhood. They were short films that focused on cautionary tales of modern dilemmas: bullying, anorexia, peer pressure, self-image. They didnt have as many swear words as LaButes plays, though. And the secondary characters (Carter and Jeannie) barely escape their sitcomish roots. Despite these flaws, Fat Pig triumphs with its central characters. I believe in Tom. I have, unfortunately, been Tom; there have been times when I have said things or made choices based upon the expectations of others. And I have felt like Helen (maybe not overweight, but someone who feels like they are removed from those labeled as attractive by mainstream society). Theres no happy ending in the play, but fortunately, in real life, the Helens of the world (sometimes) find the right guy, and the Toms of the world (occasionally) learn to how to overcome their fear of other peoples opinions. If more of us paid attention to the lessons of the play, we could replace those parenthetic adjectives to often and almost always.

Italian Words Used in Fashion and Design

Italian Words Used in Fashion and Design Picture it: You walk into a boutique shoe shop on the main corso in Viterbo, Italy, looking to buy some shoes to match an outfit later that evening. La commessa (the saleswoman) greets you with a salve! and points to the merchandise arranged around her store.   Pairs of shoes sit on illuminated shelves, shoes with heels so tall, you couldn’t imagine wearing them without twisting an ankle on the cobblestone streets that line the center of the city. Each visit to a  un negozio (a store) to find a sweater, a pair of jeans, or a new top becomes an opportunity to acquire new, specific vocabulary for the items themselves and all the various colors, sizes, and materials they come in.   Below, find a list of common vocabulary and phrases that can be used when shopping in Italy or just talking about clothes. Accessories (Gli Accessori) Belt -  la cinturaBowtie - il papillonCap -  il berretto/il cappellinoGloves -  i guantiHat -  il cappelloPurse - la borsaSocks -  i  calziniSunglasses  - gli occhiali da soleTie -  la cravattaWatch - l’orologio Clothing (L’Abbigliamento / Il Vestiario) Blouse -  la camicetta/la blusaBra -  il reggisenoCoat -  il cappottoDress - il vestitoJeans - i jeansLingerie - la biancheria intimaPants -  i pantaloniRaincoat -  limpermeabileScarf -  la sciarpaShirt -  la camiciaSkirt -  la gonnaSweater -  il pullover/il golfSweatshirt - la felpaSweatsuit - la tutaSuit - il completoTuxedo - lo smokingUnderwear -  le mutandeVest -  il panciottoWindbreaker -  la giacca a vento Shoes (Le Scarpe) Flip-flops - le infraditoHigh heels - le scarpe col taccoHiking boots - le scarpe da trekkingRainboots - i stivali di gomma/stivali da pioggia Vocabulary Descriptions Cotton - il cotoneLeather - il cuoioLinen - il linoPolyester - il poliestereSilk - la setaWool - la lanaLoose - largoTight - strettoStriped - a righe/strisce Phrases Cerco una felpa a righe.I’m looking for a striped sweatshirt. Tip: Notice that in Italian there is no preposition used after the verb cercare (to look for). The â€Å"for† is implied within the verb. Sono/Porto/Indosso una taglia†¦(media).I’m a medium.Vuole provarlo?Do you want to try it on?Vorrei provare questi, dove sono i camerini?I’d like to try these on, where are the fitting rooms? Tip: In the phrase above, â€Å"lo† would be used if the item were singular and masculine, like il vestito (the dress). However, if it were singular and feminine, like la sciarpa (the scarf), it would be â€Å"Vuole provarla†? While it’s important to make everything agree, don’t stress if you can’t remember the gender of the object you have. You’ll be safe with using the pronoun â€Å"lo†. È comodo.It’s comfortable.Il vestito à ¨ troppo stretto, avete una taglia pià ¹ grande?The dress is too tight, do you have a larger size?Questi (stivali) sono scomodi.These (boots) are uncomfortable.Preferisco il rosa.I prefer pink. (As a color) Notice the differences in meanings below. Preferisco la rosa.I prefer the rose (flower).La preferisco rosa.I prefer  it (something feminine like: la gonna, la sciarpa, la maglietta...etc)  in pink.Lo preferisco rosa.I prefer  it (something masculine like: il golf, il pantalone, il papillon...etc)  in pink.

Response to classmate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response to classmate - Essay Example 144). Rules and regulations should not just apply to particular individuals but everyone. I agree with you that individuals are not homogenous and are bound to behave contrary to the set moral obligations. I agree with your point of view because I believe that moral principles are binding to everyone in the society irrespective of status or religion. I agree with the utilitarian theory which states that humans are bound by the moral ethics to understand the consequences of their actions (Boss, 2015, pp. 282). The essence of duty is moral decision-making. It is important to note that some actions are morally essential regardless of the inherent consequences. Boss (2015) notes that performance of duty should be based on goodwill. I agree with this point of view because some people act based on a reward system or some form of punishment (Boss, 2015, pp. 288). Rights ethic is the defining standard through which humans derive protection of dignity and

Plan or review administrative systems Assignment

Plan or review administrative systems - Assignment Example Questions: What are processes and procedures? How important are they in a project. Explain the processes and procedures that are going to be used in this project. Include regulations on the use of the new system. iii. The system will be monitored weekly and a report prepared by each department. The report should indicate the usage of the database and identify the user. This report will be forwarded to the ICT department every Monday. The adoption of this system is a change process. Various considerations have to be made to ensure the success of the project. First, sensitization meetings will be held in each department to communicate the change and gather support, each employee will be required to participate. Through this, the project team will identify the expertise and training gaps in the employees. These are the ones to be addressed in the staff training process. Follow-up training needs will be done through monitoring as the system takes effect. Secondly, all the employees have to be involved in order to reduce resistance to change. Two-weekly meetings will be held to evaluate the process and address concerns. This meeting will be arranged and run by the project manager. The minutes for this meeting will have to be available to all staff by the next working day. A monthly newsletter will be prepared to show the exact nature of the progress (Brody, 2005, p. 243). Lastly, a confidential complaints and feedback system will have to be established in order to gather crucial information from the staff. This will help collect and investigate information that cannot be voiced during meetings. Since most personnel have only the basic computer literacy, the training will have to be done at all levels and inclusively. This helps to build teamwork for faster learning. The final date for tender submission will be on 6th January 2014. This

How Becoming an Adult Has Changed Christmas Essay Example for Free

How Becoming an Adult Has Changed Christmas Essay I love the holidays, they bring a special joy to my life, they make me smile even if things may not be going as planned in my life; just the thought of family and friends spending time together is a great big deal in my family. I now get to experience the feeling and joys my parents did when they see me opening my presents. My children are so precious and I love having every memorial moment with them. We still do the same things at Grandmas every year nothing has changed except for the fact that I’m a Mother now. I can distinctively remember the Christmas of 2006; it was the year my son (Jaylen) was born. It’s the year I realized that my spoiled days were over and it was not only about me any more. It was the first time I actually realized that I’m Mommy now! It was a very fearful and joyful moment at the same time; my family didn’t pay as much attention to me anymore. They were occupied with my new baby boy (Jaylen), I was extremely happy, they had taken to my son because 18 months earlier they were a little upset that I was going to have a baby(they thought I was too young). My dad was the happiest I have seen him in years, he was a proud grand pap. I’ll admit I was a little jealous because all the attention was no longer on just me I had to now share it. Then again I sat back and thought I’m an adult now and I should not be treated like a baby anymore, so from that point forward I found the grown up I had hidden inside. Thirty-three months (two and a half years) later there was an addition to my family for the holiday, I had my daughter JaKailah, she was a great gift after losing our Nana Boat in June of 2009. My daughter was born just 13 days later (June 21 2009); my grandmother and I both feel as though she is a part of Nana Boat in many ways. Not having our Nana Boat with us on Christmas anymore is a huge void; she is their saying â€Å"just give the children what ever they want, they are our special gifts from god†. One thing that has stayed the same is all holidays are special in my family, but Christmas is still the most important. All my family still meet at Grandma’s house every year. We have family from every where that comes in from out of state to celebrate this special occasion. Every year our Christmas routine has stayed the same; grandma has a special way of making every holiday memorable, she was also very particular about time, there was a time for everything we did on Christmas. She has a set schedule between 9:00 am and 10:00 am. Everyone shows up at grandmas to put their presents under the tree. Grandma has breakfast made for everyone every Christmas pancakes, bacon, sausage, eggs and toast. Then at 11:30am it is time to give each other the presents we have for one another. By the time we were all done opening presents it is time for us to have dinner at 2:30. WOW! We could smell that great food cooking the whole time we were opening our presents. As a child I can remember many traditions sheared with my family. Because there were so many people staying at Grandma’s for the holidays. I can remember making pallets (beds) on the floor with my cousins so the adults could have the beds and air mattresses. My cousins and I would stay up really late and sleep until the after noon. After waking up I can remember my Uncle Bobbie; he looked just like Mr. Rodgers (from Mr. Rodger Neighborhood) he has the same blue sweater and those same blue tie up shoes. I would wake up and say good morning, Mr. Rodgers it is going to be a wonderful day in the neighbor hood. I was a very spoiled child; I got what ever I wanted, when I wanted it from every one in my family. I have even started my own traditions with my children, we have one day where we all sit down at the dining room table after Thanksgiving and we tell each other what we would like to have Santa Clause bring us for Christmas. I have even found a count down to Christmas calendar filled with chocolate candies, it starts at twenty-five and end at one; what you do with this calendar is you start at twenty-five and every night eat one piece of chocolate and by the time its Christmas eve there is one less piece of chocolate remaining. Basically it is a count down to Christmas by eating a piece of chocolate each night until Christmas. My children are still very young so we are still in the process of coming up with new traditions. Things in life change so fast with out notice, some good and some bad, I just make the best of what I have. I always thought that I would need to be the center of attention, but this Christmas I learned that it’s not always about me. Each and every member of my family was very important in many ways. Each of us have our own roles and it works for my family. My fiance is a very quiet, laid back, stay out the way type of person. My Aunt is crazy for the kids, she literally buys them everything. My uncle is the strict no nonsense kind of guy who like the kids to stand in the corner. Uncle what can I say about him? Oh wow he’s the grouch, always yelling, the Children are too loud make them sit down. My dad always happy and feeding into what ever the kids say, do this and do that. Pappi mostly hiding in the room away from everyone to stay away from the chaos. My mom she is the clean freak always running around after every one cleaning up behind them. My Nana Boat she was all for the kids give, give, give that all she knew when it came to her baby’s. My brothers and sister they are needy, always wanting something that they really do not need. Being the big sister I have to love them(I do very much so. I’m only going to talk about my immediate family, because if not you will be here reading for months. As for my-self I’m kind of a reserved person; I just sit back and watch what’s going on around me. I can remember the time it took my grandma to prepare for Christmas; she would bake for weeks. She would let me help her make cookies, pies, fudge, and my most favorite of all chocolate covered pretzels with sprinkles. I can still smell those cookies and pies bake. Being with my grandma and helping her bake was the best feeling in the world. Still to this day my grandma still lets me help her bake for Christmas. She doesn’t leave out my children, they are right there with their hands in the dough, just getting as messy as possible. I know every edition to or family makes Christmas every year more and more enjoyable. I believe that each and every Christmas changes each and every person in my family for the better. CODA: There are a few reasons why I chose to use Frank McCourt â€Å"Limerick Homecoming† essay from the book Angela’s Ashes published in 1996. One reason I chose to use this essays style to revise my family essay is because Frank McCourt showed how to go from past to present tense in the same essay to tell about a special event in this life. Another reason I believe that this essay showed that no matter how bad things are at one point or another in your life that having your family around can make things all the better. Lastly, I chose this essay to because I related to the characters, meaning that I related to them so not coming from a rich family, not graduating high school and still striving to make it in this world .

Philosophy of Educative Assessment Essay -- essays research papers

Philosophy of Assessment Assessment of students is a crucial part of their education. It is one thing to be able, with some degree of confidence, to say that 'Johnny knows x' but it is quite another to be able to say 'Sarah can x'. It is clear that assessment at its core is involved in the measuring of something and that if I expect students to reach above a certain level of 'something' then I must clearly communicate that to them. The backwards design that we are familiar with goes someway towards achieving this goal. The notion that we state at the outset our expectations for student learning and then design activities to achieve that stated goal appears to be common sense. However, the tendency for teachers to rely upon pre-existing testing materials and adjust their high expectations to either teach to the test or adopt a less ?radical? approach is tempting. I think that new teachers are so overwhelmed with the day to day business of running a classroom that assessment, perhaps the most vital and under examined area in education, takes a back seat pretty quickly. A frustrating aspect of modern education is the concept of differentiation. It is often presented in the sense that each student learns differently, has different strengths and weaknesses and accordingly should be afforded assessment opportunities that allow them the best chance of success. That approach is daunting to new teachers because the intimation is that individualized assessment is preferable and with one hundred and six students of different grade levels and their own relative areas of skill, individualized assessment appears too hard a challenge. I have begun to examine my own assessment with a view to finding ways to improve it and improve ... ...stances students find among themselves, the absolutes are the text and the definitions available in the Oxford English Dictionary. The variable of teacher interpretation is also reduced because the student uses evidence form the text to prove their assertions. In addition to which, I contend that the explication meets the criteria for an educative assessment in that it allows for the academic growth of the student as the result of the features of the passage that are illuminated. Students see different things in the same text and express their findings differently but the value of their findings is the measure to take. The goal of educative assessment appears to turn ?traditional? assessment on its ear. The notion that the assessment is teaching something is a challenge to many teachers, particularly teachers with a vested interest in producing test scores.

Investigatory Project Essay

Garlic is commonly used in culinary and medicine. It grows up to 0.5 m (2ft) in height. Garlic helps prevent heart disease including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure and cancer. Garlic is used to prevent certain types of cancer, including stomach and colon cancers. A Czech study found garlic supplementation reduced accumulation of cholesterol on the vascular walls of animals and garlic also cause insects to react due to its allicin. Allicin is an antibiotic substance that is found when the garlic is crushed. The composition of bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter. Allicin is an antifungal compound (phytoncide) discovered by Chester J. Cavallito and colleagues in 1944. It has been claimed that allicin from crushed garlic can be used as a home remedy to help speed recovery from strep throat or other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. By this, we found out that garlic might be effective because of the compound it contains to kill insects in a certain affected plant. It is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent, but no clinically reported evidence suggests it is actually effective. So we are going to test this garlic insecticide to prove this study. The center point of this study is to create an organic pesticide, a pesticide is a substance formed and established by scientists to act as repellent to harmful insects or organisms that benefit on a certain body that is infected or harmed. It is produced to dissolve the capability of harmful organisms to infect or continue to harm an organism. None of these discoveries and studies involved garlic as pesticide. We are going to prove this study. Conceptual Framework: Garlic as Insecticide Hypothesis: The garlic pesticide conducted contains a substance that is effective to insects. Therefore if it is sprayed to the affected plant with the pest on it, the insect will immediately die because of its reaction to the compound. On the other hand, the plant is safe and not harmed by the substances in the insecticide because it is all natural and organic. Therefore, the conducted pesticide is successful and effective. Definition of Terms: Allicin- is a compound that is created when garlic is chopped or crushed. It is often used in making garlic supplements. Antibiotic- a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria Approximately- an approximation is neither a guess nor an error but as exact as it possibly could be given the constraints Colleagues- are like companion or friend or someone whom you work with Compound- is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Immediately- instant or fast Insecticide- is a fluid used to kill harmful insects Organic- this means natural and no other elements are mixed in an organic matter. Reaction- is the physical answer of any living factor in a chemical substance Substance- the term substance specifically applies to a physical material with a definite chemical composition that cannot be separated into a constituent material by physical means.

Critical Analysis of Women Behind Bars Essay

More and more women-mothers, grandmothers, wives, daughters, and sisters are doing hard prison time all across the United States. Many of them are facing the prospect of years, decades, even lifetimes behind bars. Oddly, there’s been little public discussion about the dramatic increase of women in the prison system. What exactly is happening here, and why? This paper will be a critical analysis of the book, â€Å"Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System. This paper will Introduction Journalist Silja Talvi’s Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in The U.S Prison System is an overview of issues affecting incarcerated women. The goal of the book Women Behind Bars is to increase the awareness about the growing population of women prisoners. Women Behind Bars presents a number of important issues regarding women prisoners. Incarcerated women’s stories represent a distillation of the larger forces that affect free women like racism, sexism and economic pressure. For these reasons, Silja Talvi explains, â€Å"incarcerated women should not be forgotten, despite the stigma of their criminal convictions and their physical removal from the community† (Talvi, 2007). Additionally, though incarcerated women may be locked up, they should not be overlooked. Women Behind Bars succinctly illustrates some of the important connections involving the War on Drugs, racial disparity, medical neglect: physically and psychologically, and the high rate of substance abuse and physical and sexual abuse among incarcerated women. Silja Talvi’s aim is to â€Å"shed light on what has contributed to this historic phenomenon of the mass incarceration of women in the United States† (Talvi, 2007). This paper will give background on how Silja J.A. Talvi researched the increase of female incarceration. This paper will also give insight surrounding the problems of the women, who Silja J.A. Talvi interviewed, faced while incarcerated. Additionally, outside resources pertaining to the issue of women in prison will be mentioned throughout this paper. Finally, an informed opinion based on the collection of outside information and what  was learned from the book will be presented. Silja J.A. Talvi bases her account on interviews with women prisoners. Silja J.A. Talvi had in-person and phone interviews with roughly one hundred women prisoners over a two year span. She also received letters from approximately three hundred women behind bars. In addition, she interviewed more than a dozen women who has been releases form jail or prison. Silja J.A. Talvi stayed in regular contact with fifty women locked up in state and federal prisons in seventeen states. In addition, Silja Talvi visited he women’s county jails in Los Angeles and San Francisco, as well as the Seattle/King County detention facility for juveniles. Silja Talvi also spent a fair amount of time talking with and learning from low-income women on Seattle streets who were willing to talk about their encounters with law enforcement and incarceration. Internationally, Silja Talvi was also granted permission to visit three women’s prisons, including the European Union’s biggest women’s prison, Holloway, in London, England; the sole female prison on Hameenlinna, Finland; and a provincial Canadian prison in British Columbia. Silja Talvi focuses on these women because she believes â€Å"that incarcerated females are the most misunderstood population in the vast U.S. incarceration system† (Talvi, 2007). These accounts from the women interviewed will further the insight on the realities of female incarceration. Further on this topic of incarceration, the author, Silja J.A. Talvi has stated that the United States has more people in prison than any other nation. â€Å"By mid-2006, the total number of women and men in prison rose to over 2.24 million, representing a significant increase from earlier year† (Harrison & Beck, 2006). Relatively speaking, more than one thousand prisoners are added to the prison and jail system every single week (Harrison & Beck, 2006). Meanwhile, â€Å"the number of incarcerated adult women has jumped by a shocking 757% since 1977, at nearly twice the rate of male prisoners† (Harrison & Beck, 2006). â€Å"The number of women in prisons and jails has reached a milestone,† explains Kara Gotsch, director of advocacy for the Sentencing project in Washington, DC. One of the main reasons why women are being locked up at an alarming rate is a result of a policy of mass incarceration. â€Å"Mass incarceration is a rate of incarceration so high that it affects not only the individual offender, but also whole social groups.† (American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2011) Pursuing further, another main reason of  the increase of incarceration of women are the sentencing policies brought about by the â€Å"war on drugs.† â€Å"At the Federal level, prisoners incarcerated on a drug charge comprise half of the prison population, while the number of drug offenders in state prisons has increased thirteen-fold since 1980. Most of these people are not high-level actors in the drug trade, and most have no prior criminal record for a violent offense.† (sentencingpolicy.org) According to an excerpt in the Journal of Criminology, women are more likely to serve time for drug-related offenses and are less likely to serve time for violent offenses. (Lalonde & Cho, 2008) In addition, with the passage of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, women began to be arrested and charged with impunity, and were threatened increasingly with conspiracy charges if they didn’t snitch on their husbands, boyfriends, family member and acquaintances. Women were interrogated and threatened if they did not cooperate and these women would face serious repercussions. (Talvi, 2007) Many of the women that in state or federal prisons are first-time, non violent offenders sentenced on drug conspiracy charges. These women are serving far longer sentences than most first-time offender rapists, child molesters, or even murdered convicted of second degree murder or aggravated manslaughter. Furthermore, to a far greater degree than men, women come into the system with histories of sexual, physical abuse, domestic violence, rape, and mental illness. In this sense it is believed that our country is in crisis. Undoubtedly, because there are so many women locked up, there are a plethora of problems that incarcerated women face on a daily basis while in prison. Some of these problems include sexual assault and misconduct, medical neglect, deficient mental health treatment, and also discrimination based on gender, race and sexual orientation. Experiences of extreme violence and sexual abuse in women’s prisons are far worse and far too common than most American’s realize. In the United States, sexual assault by guards in women’s prisons is so notorious and widespread that it has been described as â€Å"an institutionalized component of punishment behind prison walls† (Davis, 1998). â€Å"Today it is estimated that at least 40% of guards in women’s prisons are men. In some female prisons, the majority of employees are men.† (Talvi, 2007) In these kinds of settings, there are violations of women’s privacy, as well as visual and verbal abuse by the male guards. Today, â€Å"one in four women reports having been sexually abused while being in  jail or prison† (Talvi, 2007). In addition to reports of violent restraint and punishment resulting in abrasions, cuts, bruises and even broken bones, women stated that they were subjected to humiliating strip searches and verbal harassment. Talvi explains that most of the women she interviewed in these prisons are in fear to even say anything about their abuse because of the likeliness to face the wrath of prison guards. The prison guards will cut visitation and phone privileges, take away prized possessions, and threaten these women and their families with bodily harm. On another note, According to Kim Shayo Buchanan, in an article called, â€Å"Beyond Modesty: Privacy in Prison and The Risk Of Sexual Abuse† basically explains, if women are being victimized by male guards in prison, it does them no harm to expose the problem by saying so. It is pointed out that black women are often discouraged from speaking out about sexual abuse because of concerns that, by speaking out about sexual harassment by black men, black women â€Å"will reinforce negative racial stereotypes about Blacks in general and about Black men in particular.† (Buchanan, 2005) Furthermore, ineffective formal procedures, legislation and reporting capacity within the United States prison system account for much of the ongoing sexual abuse of women. In several instances, guards who were disciplined for the abuse of women were reprimanded to the minimum degree. The frequency of sexual harassment and abuse in a prison environment is a constant reminder of how little power the women have over their lives once they are sentenced to do time. The sexually intrusive or abusive nature of these experiences in prison has a devastating impact on a women’s likelihood of achieving a healthy and successful reentry in society. When women leave jail or prison, with even more traumatic experiences heaped upon their life experiences, these women might endure low self-esteem issues, shame and rage. Within the book, Silja Talvi explains, â€Å"that these women who do re-enter into society, manifest any number of serious problems: continuing mental and/or physical illness the likelihood of an interruption of their treatment and medicines; loss of custody of their children; limited education or career opportunities; a lack of safe or stable housing; and the temptations to indulge in drug use or criminal activity.† If these factors are in place, it is believed that these women will find themselves back in the prison system intertwined in a vicious cycle. Secondly, a problem that is also plaguing women’s prisons is medical neglect and carelessness. While medical care for all prisoners is poor, the situation is far worse for women prisoners. Because prison health care systems were created for men, routine gynecological care, such as pap smears, breast exams and mammograms, is extremely rare in prisons. (Talvi, 2007) Care is frequently only administered once the situation becomes an emergency. In addition, women are denied essential medical resources and treatments, especially during times of pregnancy and/or chronic and degenerative diseases. There is also failure to refer seriously ill inmates for treatment and delays in treatment, cutbacks in budgets, lack of qualified personnel, inadequate supplies, and use of non-medical staff, charges for medical attention, inadequate reproductive health care, and lack of treatment for substance abuse. In the same sense, a factor that magnifies the severity of physical illnesses and disease is a nutrient poor, high fat diet. Fruits and vegetables are nearly non-existent in prisons. Relatively speaking, â€Å"the extensive overcrowding in some of these prisons lends itself to a concentration of mental and medical health problems that the prison system was never designed to handle† (Talvi, 2007). Thirdly, deficient mental health treatment is a serious issue when dealing with the incarceration of females. â€Å"48-88% of women inmates experienced sexual or physical abuse before coming to prison, and suffer post-traumatic stress disorder. Very few prison systems provide counseling. Women attempting to access mental health services are routinely given medication without opportunity to undergo psychotherapeutic treatment.† (Amnesty International, 2011) The overuse of jails and prisons to treat mental illness in society is problematic itself. Many of these women would be better served by intensive treatment programs and community based care rather than being thrown in prisons. The environment of prison can make an inmate’s mental health worse, not better. â€Å"Most prison systems lack treatment settings and programs for these prisoners. For instance, most state prisons, refused admittance to a psychiatric inpatient unit if inmates have a record of violent episodes† writes Kupers in Prison Madness. â€Å"they tend to wind up in super maximum confinement, where the harsh conditions and forced idleness worsen their mental disorders, followed by more disruptive behaviors on their part and  even longer terms in lockup.† (Kupers, 1999) A majority of the corrections employees are not trained in any extent in psychology or social work, and are most generally uneducated about the common symptoms of various psychiatric disorders and states of emotional distress. In these prisons that Talvi had visited she felt that there is high level of ignorance and outright hostility toward the mentally ill. The separation between mental health and disciplinary is lacking in many of the prisons. In a book called Prison Madness, Terry Kupers, an expert in psychiatric issues in prison criticizes this issue of mental illness treatment within prisons. â€Å"When behaviors on the part of mentally disordered prisoners-including suicide attempts, self-mutilation, rule breaking, and even some minor violent incidents-are secondary to their mental disorder, they should not be handled entirely as disciplinary infractions requiring punishment. Too often, disruptive acts are merely punished and the possibility that they reflect an imminent psychotic episode or a need for immediate psychiatric attention is never even considered.† (Kupers, 1999) In light of the issue surrounding the treatment of the mentally ill prisoners, suicide rates within in these prisons are at an increase. An investigator appointed by U.S. District Judge Lawrence Karlton took a look into the mental healthcare in the state prison system, and to find out a reason behind the increase in suicides. It was found that prisoners in overcrowded and understaffed Administrative Segregation units are killing themselves in unprecedented numbers. Confining a suicidal inmate to their cell for twenty-four hours a day only enhances isolation and anti- therapeutic. (Talvi, 2007) In addition to insufficient substance abuse and mental health services, educational and vocational programs are also in short supply. Several studies (Pollock-Byrne, Morash, Haarr, and Rucker) found that female prisons offered fewer vocational and education program opportunities when compared to those offered in male institutions. Educational program opportunities could help successful integrate these incarcerated women back into the community. Lastly, discrimination based on gender, race and sexual orientation is a significant matter of contention in women’s prisons. The growth in incarceration has had its greatest impact on minorities, particularly African Americans. â€Å"Over a five-year period, the incarceration rate of African American women increased by 828%.† (NAACP LDF Equal Justice, 1998.) Also, according to Amnesty U.S.A,  the racial disparity revealed by the crack v. powder cocaine sentences insures that more African American women will land in prison. Although 2/3 of crack users are white or Hispanic, defendants convicted of crack cocaine possession were 84.5% African American. Crack is the only drug that carries a mandatory prison sentence for first time possession in the federal system. (prisonpolicy.org) Women are most vulnerable to different forms of discrimination, including sexual harassment or abuse. Women that do not fit the norm, such as lesbians, face increased risk of torture and abuse. Many of the prisoners Silja Talvi had interviewed expressed their grief about always getting taunted because of their sexual orientation. The issues facing lesbians and bisexuals in the criminal justice system aren’t just limited to what goes on behind bars. One study conducted by Victor Streib, a professor of law at Cleveland State University points to the possibility that lesbians, or women who do not appear to appear feminine, may be victims of harsher sentencing. In addition, lesbian or non feminine women who had entered the prison system may very well have less if a shot at an early release. (Streib, 2002) Human Rights Watch has documented categories of women who are likely targets for sexual abuse. Perceived or actual sexual orientation is one of four categories that make a female prisoner a more likely target for sexual abuse, as well as a target for retaliation when she reports that abuse. (HRW, 2010) These issues facing these women in the criminal justice system are not just limited to what goes on behind bars. In conclusion, based on the information provided from Women Behind Bars and many outside resources, the incarceration of women is at an all time high. Most likely, the number of incarcerated women will increase in the upcoming years unless the problem of mass incarceration is solved permanently. I feel as that as a result of drug laws, women are now a fast growing segment of the U.S. prison population. It is my belief that women are particularly vulnerable to such policies as mandatory minimums, because they are more likely than men to be incarcerated for drug-related or petty, non-violent property crimes. It is these arrests that are driving their high rates of incarceration. The problem of women in prison is directly tied to current US drug policy. For the last ten years, researchers have argued that the war on drugs has become a war on women (Belknap, 2002; Bloom & Chesney-Lind, 2000; Owen, 2000 & 1998, Cheney-Lind, 1997). In my opinion, one of several  alarming statistics is, The Bureau of Prisons reports that almost 80% of their female population is incarcerated for drug-related offenses. Relatively speaking, I think factors of poverty, psychosocial problems, mental illness, histories of trauma and abuse, and involvement in abusive relationships can lead up to a life of criminal behavior in women. Furthermore, based on information, statistics, and stories provided from the book Women Behind Bars and also from outside resources, it is my conclusion to say that many things could be altered within the prison system. First of all, I believe there are simply far too many women in prison for enough people to be drawn to the difficult job of guarding and rehabilitating these women and addressing their needs. With the information that has been researched, women’s prisons are poorly equipped to deal with the range of issues and needs of an ever-increasing female population. One of the things that struck me when reading the book is the degree to which jails and prisons have become America’s new mental health facilities. Also in regards of the issue of incarcerated mentally ill, I believe that basic education could be provided to correctional staff. Furthermore, guards could be taught to calm and talk the dangerous mentally ill women down from fits of paranoia, anxiety, or distress. Also, many of these women would be better served by intensive treatment programs and community-based transitional care, instead of just being thrown into the prison system. Furthermore, I feel that the extreme abuse of women in prison is a serious problem. I believe this action also harms society because it decreases the legitimacy of the justice system. If society cannot trust those responsible for guarding our prisons to behave properly, there is little hope for the rehabilitation of women in prison. Personally, I feel the prison has a place, but it is not in the persecution of non-violent females. I think there can be a lot more rehabilitation for these women. Many of these women in prison have emotional and psychological issues and because of the abuse, discrimination, and medical neglect, it is only going to make matters far worse. An excerpt from Silja Talvi’s Women Behind Bars that I found captivating that summed up a lot of what the book was about is, â€Å"Imprisoned girls and women deserve a chance to heal from past abuse, and to learn from their life experiences and the nature of their crimes. Before women and released, they must be given the tools to ensure that their reintegration  into society is not fraught with immediate economic and social struggle, and to help increase the odds that they will be released into families or communities that will actually support their reintegration. Former prisoners must be given the productive tools to become productive members of society; that is, if they weren’t productive already, and if they even needed to be locked up in the first place. In general, women in prison aren’t given one iota of the emotional, social and vocational skills they need to overcome the vast hurdles awaiting them beyond the gates that have confine them for years or decades on end.† (Talvi, 2007) In closing, I never realized to a great extent of the problem of women in prison. This book, Women behind Bars and also many outside resources has enlightened me on the growing issue of female incarceration. Women in prison is a problem in itself, then leading to all of the other problems these women face while in prison. I believe the struggles that women go through, go unnoticed, and more people should be aware of the increasing problem. Finally, I feel that Silja J.A. Talvi’s book Women Behind Bars can help focus attention on this growing population of women prisoners, and maybe one day something can be done about this increasing issue. According to the text, women represent the fastest growing segment of the criminal justice system increasing 757% between 1977 and 2004, a rate nearly 2 times the percent increase in the male offender population. The number of women involved in the US criminal justice system doubled during the 1990s (Beck, 2000). An estimated 68 in every 100,000 U.S. women are serving time in a state or federal prison with increased rates to one in every 100 among black women in their late 30s. Women currently represent about 7% of the overall state and federal prison population and 24% of individuals on community supervision. Substance use and abuse have been consistently reported as major contributing factors in the increasing population of women offenders. Some have argued that increased attention to substance users during the late 1980s and 1990s during the war on drugs had particular adverse consequences for women. A majority of women offenders have a history of drug use and drug-related offenses. Conclusion In closing, the writer never realized to a great extent of the problem of women in prison. This book, Women behind Bars and also many outside resources has enlightened on the writer of the growing issue of female incarceration. Women in prison is a problem in itself, then leading to all of the other problems these women face while in prison. The struggles that women go through, go unnoticed, and more people should be aware of the increasing problem. Finally, this book, can help focus attention on this growing population of women prisoners, and maybe one day something can be done about this increasing issue. The writer believes that alcoholism and addiction is a disease. Because it is a disease, communities should address it as a health issue and not a criminal justice issue. Imprisonment only removes a symptom, but does not cure the problem. The number of women incarcerated is steadily rising at frightening rates. When you incarcerate a woman, most often, you are also incarcerating a mother. The state not only pays to house the offender, but often pays for the care of the children of the offender as well. Women offenders have special needs many of which revolve around their children. Corrections should be perceived as a positive and helping connection, not a punitive one. In our present system, unfortunately, the women must often first fail before they are given the level of treatment they needed in the beginning. A new approach to corrections, one that offers a highly structured environment and stresses accountability, as well as, addressing the individual needs of each offender will not only save money, but also more importantly, it will save lives. In addition, communities should take responsibility and become involved in getting and giving education, reaching out to their communities to offer assistance helping addicts find hope through programs that take a holistic approach to their disease. Addicts need programs that heal body, mind and, most importantly, their crushed spirit. If needs are responded to on a personal level, in a way that engenders trust and confidence, women offenders can begin to hope again and the lives of families can be rebuilt. If people do not have hope, there is nothing to strive for, no reason to change. Instead of incarceration, I believe it would be more cost-effective to put women offenders in a community based program similar to the work release program that is used for prisoners after incarceration. These programs would allow the individual to maintain a job, yet they would be held accountable for all their time. They would receive counseling on an individual basis geared toward each one’s individual needs. The best programs combine supervision and services to address the specialized needs of female offenders in highly structured, safe environments where accountability is stressed. In conclusion, I believe that if communities would make an effort to educate themselves and their communities about the disease of alcoholism and addiction, they would begin to understand the magnitude of the problem. Although there are no easy solutions, one must accept the responsibility of educating our children, offer new and innovative programs that heal holistically, and most importantly, accept responsibility that as citizens one must reach out to help those in our communities who are struggling, offering them hope, support and encouragement. References American Academy of Arts & Sciences. (2011) Retrieved from http://www.amacad.org/projects/incarceration.aspx Austin, J., Irwin, J. (2001). â€Å"It’s About Time: America’s Imprisonment Binge.† Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co Belknap, J. (2001). â€Å"The Invisible Woman.† Gender, Crime and Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Bloom, B., Chesney-Lind, M., Owen, B. (1994). â€Å"Women in California Prisons: Hidden Victims of the War on Drugs.† San Francisco, CA: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Bloom, B., Chesney-Lind, M. ( 2000). â€Å"Women in Prison; Vengeful Equity.† In It’s a Crime: Women and Criminal Justice. Roslyn Muraskin, (ed.), pp. 183-204. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Buchanan, K. (2005). â€Å"Beyond Modesty: Privacy in Prison and The Risk Of Sexual Abuse.† Marquette Law Review, 88(4), pp. 751-813. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1994). â€Å"Special Report: Women in Prison.† Washington, DC: US Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1999). â€Å"Women Offenders.â €  Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. Davis, A. (1998). â€Å"Public Imprisonment and Private Violence: Reactions on the Hidden Punishment of Women.† Crim. & Civ. Confinement, 24, pp. 339-350. Editors. (2006). â€Å"U.S. Inmate Populations on the Rise: U.S. Leads World in Number of Incarcerated.† Correctional News. Harrison, P., Beck, J. (2006). â€Å"Prisoners in 2005.† Bureau of Justice Statistics. Human Right Watch. (2010) â€Å"Sexual Abuse of Women in U.S. State Prisons.† Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/ Immarigeon, R., Chesney-Lind, M. (1992). â€Å"Women’s Prisons: Overcrowded and Overused.† National Council on Crime and Delinquency. San Francisco, CA Kupers, T. (1999). Prison Madness: The Mental Health Crisis Behind Bars and What We Must Do About It. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Lalonde, R., Cho, R. (2008). â€Å"The Inpact of Incarceration in State Prison on the Employment Prospects of Women.† Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 24, 243-265, 23. doi: 10.1007/s10940-008-9050 Mauer, M, Potler, C., Wolf, R. (1999). â€Å"Gender and Justice: Women Drugs and Sentencing Policy.† The Sentencing Project. Washington, DC Owen, B. (2000). â€Å"Women and Imprisonment in the United States: The Gendered Consequences of the US Imprisonment Binge.† In Harsh Punishments: International Experiences of Women’s Imprisonment. Cook and Davies (Eds.) pp. 81-98. Northeastern Press. Streib, V. (2002). â€Å"Gendering the Death Penalty: Countering Sex Bias in a Masculine Sancutary.† Ohio State law Journal, 63 Talvi, S. (2007). Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System. Emeryville, CA: Seal Press. Van Denend, J. (2010). â€Å"Melanie Klein, Drug Crimes, and Women.† Studies in Gender & Sexuality, 11, 10-23. doi: 10.1080/15240650903445799 http://www.sentencingproject.org/template/page.cfm?id=107 http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/women_prison.pdf