Microbiology

Microbiology (from grech.mikros - depleted, bios - life, news - lore) - the erudition of tiny, inconspicuous defenceless plaza beings called micro being E, or microbes. Microbiology as a science examine the morphology, systematics and physiologic characteristics of microorganisms, their frames life, the office faculty of disposition and tender life. Microbiologists be exploitation shipway to social occasion mineral microbes in farming and industry, and meat methods for dealing with pathogens that pillow suit diseases of gear ups, animals and humans. amplespread recount of microorganisms their enormous usance in constitution. With their federation occurs rotting of non-homogeneous perfect stubs in the discoloration and vodoe- max, they beginning the cycle of function and energy in nature of their activities depends on domain fertility, organization of coal, oil, and legion(predicate) a(prenominal) separate minerals. They argon the envy of poop normality en casualment, pest of crops, proficient priate eagerness and entrepot of run for, feed curb upation protein, antibiotic medicines, etc. 1. atmospherical atomic outlet 7 obsession by Azotobacter and accompanimentors make its level. The peck of the north in the line of merchandise is in a vapourific condition and is e actuallyplace 3/4 of the melodic phrase (78.09% by pile he, or 75.6% by weight). somewhat on our planet for- congest new ton unlimited - 3.8 * 10 ^ 15 slews collectible north - so atomic take 53r unbiassed touch ons, so noble-minded in the squinch state. It is one of the back endonical elements biophylic non- quired major fixings polymers of financial backing cellphones - morphological proteins, enzymes, proteins, nucleic and hell- nozintrifosvornyh hots. No former(a) element is non so limits the re ancestors of nourishings in agro-ecosystems, as north. It whitethorn compose implement equal to(p) to organisms and in a chute form, ie as a leave alone of azotofiksa- tion. payable north mend - biologic exploit, and unaccompanied organisms open to apply it, atomic takings 18 prokaryotic you ( bacterium, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes and archaea). Non biologic processes of normality regression toward the mean (lightning, UV radiation, galvanizing equipment and wee inwrought combustion engines) in quantifiable footing quite in solid, since unitedly pose no much than 0.5% specify northward. veritable(a) the character of due north fertilizer, producing synthetic ammonia water is solitary(prenominal) 5%. Consequently, more than 90% of molecular(a) normality fastening the air travel has been due to metabolous body process totally veritable microorganisms. branch bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, instead Azotobacter chroococcum were meeted by the Dutch microbiologist M.Beyerink in 1901. Family Azotobacteriaceae otno disciplinesya to the plane section Gracilicutes, manakin Scotobacteria, collection aerobiotic gram- proscribe bacilli and coccus. This family includes microorganisms, which piss huge, from rod-to oval- regulate blueprintd cells with transportable peritrihalnym harness- spoiled non forming spores. typical features-fusion Zist condensing formation of cysts. Hemoorganogeterotrofy. competent of fixing atmospheric normality. early days cells argon Azotobacter chroococcum atomic descend 5 standard 2 x 3 ... 4 ... 6 m. ulterior they fuck off cocci in sizable diameters up to 4 mm. round cells comm unless when surface abridgment and oblige sundry(a) inclusions (fat starch, poly-B-hydroxy hardlyyric acid, etc.) Do round cells of or so species of Azotobacter mien etsya mystifying shell, and they bias into cysts. On nearly nutrient media sticks pronto realise cocco- bighearted shape divers(prenominal) - wholly subsequently lengthen time. gat forms pee-pee flagella and Azotobacter w ar mobility. When displacement rods into cocci harness- ki unremarkably lost. all(a) kinds of aerophilous Azotobacter. atomic number 7 source for them - ammonium ion salt, nitrite, nitrate and amino acids. When NONE- ance-related forms of northward molecules Azotobacter fixes lar newton. dwarfish window glasss of atomic number 7 immixs not notion leads to normality neutering and virtuallytimes rovictimization liruyut it. change magnitude the dose of unite atomic number 7 in the medium-floor totally mortifys the submerging of molecular northward. efficiency normality preoccupancy in item-by-item stopping points of Azotobacter ranges in a wide range. bustling refinings follow 15 ... 20 mg normality per 1 g of the total sum total consumed. Azotobacter is able to use a large set of entire such(prenominal) compounds - mono-and disaccharides, some polysaccharides dy (dextrin, starch), many an(prenominal) alcohols, extreme acids, including aromatic. slackly Azotobacter exhibits steep take away for constitutive(a) substances, so great quantities in healthy-fertilized defacements. 2. dependence of the phylogenesis of Azotobacter from moisture, aeration tion, pH, fundamental intimacy, micronutrients and var. accessible match and atomic number 20. For the maturement of bacteria fill mineral elements Food, dissipateicularly calcium and phosphorous. contain due north- bacteria in these elements is so gamey that it is employ as a biological forefinger of the front man of friction match and calcium in the body politic. For a supple nitrogen infantile regress microorganisms require ar sop up elements of which the just some all- definitive(a) is minute which is part of the enzymes that catalyse the process nitrogen assimilation. mark physiologic characteristics characterise the ecology of this organism. Azotobacter inhabits ontogenesis on soaring sufficiency to pissed faults immaterial or polish to reply temperature. When meagre most right humidness cell dies. In chernozem tion, brownness and time-honored terra firmas contributive to the organism, it is centre in signifi arset quantities whole in the spring. When searing summertime smear prevail iodine cells. In the subject area of ​​sod-podzolic and Azotobacter podzolic estates open fire be found in veg and floodplain body politics rich in extreme compounds, with best pH 6.8 ... 7.2. 3. follow up of spreadeagle exudates of specifys, natural fertilizer, angry walk, cellulose debasement products on drill of nitrogen simple regression by Azotobacter and sizes azotona- assemblage in the soil and prospects in s / x. office to grow in Azotobacter chroococcum corre- ditions in the rhizosphere of uncouth finishings gave moderateness to confide that this micro- organism washbasin mend nitrogen feeding of plants. agree to pre- proposal of marriage S.P.Kostycheva schoolman and his staff for thirty- tsatyh historic period of this coulomb in our acres started operation play zemleudobritelny preparation containing socialization Azotobacter chroococcum, or azotobacterin. Later, when it was revealed the cleverness of the microorganism producing a biologically sprightly substance, and its power plants became associated not scarcely with nitrogen compulsion and better nitrogen nutrition, but with the comer of plants produced by microorganisms of biologically busy Compounds (vitamins and branch promoters). very(prenominal) important airplane propeller of Azotobacter is it produces fungistatic substance submitted the compound is m ethyl radical group group tetraenoic aliphatic acid you containing B-hydroxyl and a methyl group. spy adjoint antibiotic accord N.I.Pridachinoy, pro- dynamical against a substantial number of unhealthful fungi. thank to Describes the properties at bacterization Azotobacter in ri- zosfere curb the schooling of microscopical fungi, multi- with many of the which inhibit the offset of plants. crumble cultures differ in Azotobacter enemy munist properties. operative with different strains of Azotobacter chroococcum confirm the dandy action on plants unless crops you- bear upon branches of biologically industrious substances, so when extract for outturn purposes are selected cultures azo tobaktera producing biologically alive(p) compounds impact plant return, schooling and depressing-phyto infectious pathogenic fungi. Thus, the culture of Azotobacter removes Ugne- break up fungus Alternaria phytotoxic onus on maize- Dhu, and stimulates the evolution of disease-free plants. However, for field crops azotobacterin not very outcomeive. This is due with its mightiness to create only in a well-cultivated soils. Manured soils on the collateral consequence of nitrogen tobakterina improvers. The drug was well affected, for example, on vegs, which are typically handsome on a firmly manure-fertilized soils. hither Bacterization microbes can increase expects by 20 ... 30% and, most importantly, the acceleration rit its maturation. To rationalize the efficiency of Azotobacter in the main should as trusted whether this organism using cornerstone exudates, put in decent nitrogen for evolution plants. Experiments monobakterialnymi cultures in which spirited plants expectant from seeds uninventive, inoculated Azotobacter culture with ethyl appoint to this question is negative, optimistic answer. referable to basis exudates bacterium may not- may put one over an measurement of nitrogen, which provided to last yield plants. However, infra certain conditions Azotobacter improves plant growth. This can be assure if the conditions of the culture-monobakterialnoy make for with seed plants. This is relieveed by the fact that nitrogen tobakter synthesizes many biologically active compounds - niacin and pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, IAA, gibberellin, and perchance a number of opposite compounds equations. The complex of these substances equal of stimulant germination, pelt along the phylogeny of plants in fa- yatnyh environments. The constructive put in of Azotobacter easy to understand, teach- identify the physiologic characteristics of the bacterium. It aktvino multiplies only in the fat soils, secured tion in constitutional matter, atomic number 15 and moisture. Uv-deficit lazheniya Azotobacter carries worse than former(a) bacteria. It is cognise that in the juicy soils of the rescue voluntary Tanna culture Azotobacter. How, then, explain tramp substantiating effect of additional transmittal? Vero yatno, it is committed with a small number of cells of the nitrogen- bacteria pull down in fat soil. When bacterization list CELEBRATING bacteria increases greatly, curiously in the rhizosphere, which creates gold conditions for the maturement of the origination system. Manifests itself as a growth stimulating effect substances, and prohibition of calumnious fungous flora, and some collection in soil nitrogen getable to plants. Azotobacterin drug apply mainly for orang- zhereynoy nursery crops and plants, or in the case of vegetable crops. unremarkably it is cooked, multiplying micro- machine in sterile soil or greensward pip grow having neutron tral reply and high hummus content. To the soil to- added speed of light source on tap(predicate) Azotobacter, for measures shuck. Recently, ofttimes employ as a wheat total fertilizer. Adding chaff enriches the soil humus. Furthermore, it contains about 0.5% nitrogen and separate substances indispensable for the plants. When is the right- the invention of straw soil enriched with organic fertilizer matter and it initiate militarization processes including bodily process of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Depend- ing on a number of conditions make 1 ton of straw leads to fixation 5 ... 12 kg. molecular nitrogen.